Category: Nephrology
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Diuretics and renal hormones
Physiologic hormones affecting the kidney Hormone Trigger and pathway Site of action in the nephron (see figure) Net effect Angiotensin II (Ang II) Synthesized in response to hypotension. (See AKI and CKD chapters for details of Ang II production pathway) Afferent and efferent arteriole Afferent and efferent (higher degree) arteriolar constriction leading to a rise in…
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Nephrotic syndrome
Definition N Engl J Med. 1998 Apr 23;338(17):1202-11. Kidney disease causing proteinuria (3 or more grams of protein/24 hours), hypoalbuminemia, and edema. Etiology and pathogenesis Semin Nephrol. 2009 Jul;29(4):389-98. Lancet. 2003 Aug 23;362(9384):629-39. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 2008;45(2):139-220. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012 Mar;23(3):381-99. The glomerular capillary walls are composed of three structures: the endothelial cells, the glomerular basement membrane…
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Chronic kidney disease (CKD)
Chronic kidney disease is the progressive loss of renal function over time, based on a gradual decline in the GFR and creatinine clearance.
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Acute kidney injury (AKI)
Overview of acute kidney injury, including causes and treatment.