Category: Obstetrics and gynecology
-
Sex hormone synthesis, regulation, and function
Sex hormone synthesis Annu Rev Physiol. 2001;63:193-213. Endocr Rev. 2011 Feb;32(1):81-151. Endocr Rev. 2005 May;26(3):322-30. Fertil Steril. 2002 Apr;77 Suppl 4:S3-5. The hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis Sex hormone synthesis is controlled by the pulsatile release of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) At the pituitary gland, GnRH stimulates the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) into the general circulation…
-
Menopause
Menopausal transition Ann Intern Med. 2009 Apr 7;150(7):ITC4-1-15 Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2009 Feb;23(1):25-32. Med Clin North Am. 2008 Sep;92(5):1253-71, xii. Williams Gynecology, ch. 16, 21 Definitions and overview Menopause: point in time 1 year after the cessation of menstruation (retroactive definition) Menopausal transition: the time period from menstrual cycle irregularity to final menstrual period Perimenopause:…
-
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)
Definition J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2010 May;32(5):423-5, 426-8. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2011 Apr;7(4):219-31. PCOS is characterized by hyperandrogenism, irregular ovulatory cycles, and a metabolic derangement including glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinemia. Manifestations of PCOS are heterogeneous, and several consensus definitions of the disorder have been produced to describe the disease, with various emphases on clinical or biochemical hyperandrogenism,…
-
Conception and pregnancy
Conception Guyton 11e Moore: The Developing Human 8e Definition Synonymous with fertilization; union of sperm and egg to form a zygote In the ovary, primary oocyte divides by meiosis and expels a first polar body, thus becoming a secondary oocyte Generation of primary and secondary oocytes In the ovary, primary oocyte divides by meiosis and…
-
Prenatal screening and diagnosis
An overview of prenatal screening and diagnosis.